Regulation of Digital Platforms
Between Digital Sovereignty and Transnationalism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30962/ecomps.2876Keywords:
PL n° 2.630, Platform regulation, Social media, Disinformation, Digital sovereigntyAbstract
The paper situates the discussion of the Law Project No 2.630 (Fake News Law Project). It analyses the debates on the regulation of platforms, from the perspective of the human rights, taking as a parameter the dichotomies between local or national aspects, in contrast to global, or transnational intentions. It discusses the strategic validity of “geo-blocking” as a solution, making the debate oscillate between maintaining freedom of expression or limiting it, through the removal or complete exclusion of content. It discusses the effectiveness of laws to moderate the activity of platforms, such as payment for the journalistic activity, which has led platforms to block journalistic productions in their environments.
Downloads
References
ALEMANHA. Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz vom 1. (BGBl.I S.3352). Gesetz zurVerbesserung der Rechtsdurchsetzung in sozialen Netzwerken (NetzDG). Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang, Teil I, Nr. 61, Seite 3352, Ausgegeben am 7 nov. 2017.
ALLEN, S. European Sovereignty in the Digital Age. The Institute of International & European Affairs, 19 jul. 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.iiea.com/publications/european-sovereignty-in-the-digital-age>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
APÓS MULTA DE € 500 milhões, Google vai remunerar jornais na França por exibição de conteúdo. UOL/Media Talks, on-line, 10 mar. 2022. Disponível em: <https://mediatalks.uol.com.br/2022/03/10/apos-multa-de-500-milhoes-de-euros-google-fecha-acordo-com-jornais-na-franca-e-vai-pagar-por-uso-de-conteudo/>. Acesso em: 2 set. 2023.
BAKSHY, E.; MESSING, S.; ADAMIC, L. Exposure to Ideologically Diverse News and Opinion on Facebook. Science, on-line, v. 348, p. 1130-1132, 2015.
BELLANOVA, R.; GOEDE, M. Co-Producing Security: Platform Content Moderation and European Security Integration. JCMS – Journal of Common Market Studies, on-line, 28 dez. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13306.
BRASIL. Marco Civil da Internet. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/_Ato2011-2014/2014/Lei/L12965.htm#art32>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
BRASIL. Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais (LGPD). 2019. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/_Ato2019-2022/2019/Lei/L13853.htm#art1>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
______. Câmara dos Deputados. Projeto de Lei n° 2.630/2022 – Lei Brasileira de Liberdade, Responsabilidade e Transparência na Internet. 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.camara.leg.br/midias/file/2022/03/fake.pdf>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
BRUNS, A. Filter Bubble. Internet Policy Review, on-line, v. 8, n. 4, 2019. DOI: 10.14763/2019.4.1426.
CANADÁ. The Online News Act. 22 de junho de 2023. Disponível em: <https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/online-news.html>. Acesso em: 2 set. 2023.
CAVNA, M. Texas Shooting: what Have We Learned Five Years After “Draw Muhammad Day”?. The The Washington Post, 4 maio 2015. Disponível em: <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2015/05/04/just-what-have-we-learned-five-years-after-everybody-draw-muhammad-day/>. Acesso em: 3 set. 2023.
CITRON, D. K.; NORTON, H. Intermediaries and Hate Speech: Fostering Digital Citizenship for Our Information Age, 91. Boston University Law Review, on-line, v. 1435, jul. 2011. Disponível em: <https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/614>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
COULDRY, N.; HEPP, A. Conceptualizing Mediatization: Contexts, Traditions, Arguments. Communication Theory, on-line, v. 23, n. 3, p. 191-202, 2013.
D’ANDRÉA, C. Pesquisando plataformas online: conceitos e métodos. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2020.
DOUEK, E. The Rise of Content Cartels. Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia, on-line, 7 maio 2020. Disponível em: <https://ssrn.com/abstract=3572309> or <http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3572309>. Acessos em: 12 jul. 2024.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION. The Digital Services Act Package. 2022. Disponível em: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022R2065>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
FLEW, T.; MARTIN; F.; SUZOR, N. Internet Regulation as Media Policy: Rethinking the Question of Digital Communication Platform Governance. Journal of Digital Media & Policy, on-line, v. 10, n. 1, p. 33-50, 2019. DOI: 10.1386/jdmp.10.1.33_1.
FLEW, T.; WILDING, D. The Turn to Regulation in Digital Communication: the ACCC’s Digital Platforms Inquiry and Australian Media Policy. Media, Culture & Society, on-line, v. 43, n. 1, p. 48-65, 2020. DOI: 10.5585/prismaj.v21n1.20573.
GIBS – Gordon Institute of Business Science. Big Tech e jornalismo: princípios para uma remuneração justa. In: BIG TECH AND JOURNALISM – BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH. Conference held from Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS), Joanesburgo, África do Sul, 2023. Disponível em: <https://www.gibs.co.za/news-events/news/pages/big-tech-and-journalism-principles.aspx>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
GILLESPIE, T.; AUFDERHEIDE, P.; CARMI, E.; GERRARD, Y.; GORWA, R.; MATAMOROS-FERNÁNDEZ, A.; ROBERTS, S. T.; SINNREICH, A.; WEST, S. M. Expanding the Debate about Content Moderation: Scholarly Research Agendas for the Coming Policy Debates. Internet Policy Review, on-line, v. 9, n. 4, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.4.1512.
GONZÁLEZ-TOSAT, C.; SÁDABA-CHALEZQUER, C. Digital Intermediaries: More than New Actors on a Crowded Media Stage. Journalism and Media, on-line, v. 2, p. 77-99, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ journalmedia2010006.
GOOGLE DIZ QUE também vai banir links de notícias no Canadá para não pagar por conteúdo: lei “impraticável”. UOL/Media Talks, on-line, 30 jun. 2023. Disponível em: <https://mediatalks.uol.com.br/2023/06/30/google-encara-briga-com-canada-por-regulamentacao-de-pagamento-por-noticias-nas-plataformas/>. Acesso em: 2 set. 2023.
GRIFFIN, R. Public and Private Power in Social Media Governance: Multistakeholderism, the Rule of Law and Democratic Accountability. Transnational Legal Theory, v. 14, n. 1, 20 ago. 2022. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4190500.
GURGEL, L. News Corp e Facebook firmam acordo histórico após aprovação da nova lei das mídias sociais na Austrália. UOL/Media Talks, on-line, 16 mar. 2021. Disponível em: <https://mediatalks.uol.com.br/2021/03/16/6931/>. Acesso em: 2 set. 2023.
HABERMAS, J. A constelação pós-nacional: ensaios políticos. Tradução de Márcio Seligmann-Silva. São Paulo: Littera Mundi, 2001 [1998]. [Título original: Die postnationale Konstellation. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp].
______. A inclusão do outro: estudos de teoria política. Tradução de George Sperber, Paulo A. Soethe. São Paulo: Loyola. 2002 [1996]. [Título original: Die Einbeziehung des Anderen – Studien zur politischen Theorie].
______. Mudança estrutural da esfera pública: investigações sobre uma categoria da sociedade burguesa. Tradução de Denilson Luís Werle. São Paulo: Unesp, 2014 [1961]. [Título original: Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit].
JØRGENSEN, R. F.; ZULETA, L. Private Governance of Freedom of Expression on Social Media Platforms: EU Content Regulation through the Lens of Human Rights Standards. Nordicom Review, on-line, v. 41, n. 1, p. 51-67, 2020.
KHAN, A. A. The Offensive Depictions of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) in Western Media and its Consequences. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, on-line, v. 4, n. 1, 2014.
KLEIS NIELSEN, R.; GANTER, S. A. Dealing with Digital Intermediaries: a Case Study of the Relations between Publishers and Platforms. New Media & Society, on-line, v. 20, n. 4, p. 1600-1617, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817701318.
KUMARESAN, M. Delhi High Court Orders Global Removal of Defamatory Content on Consideration of Inappropriateness of Sole Geo-Blocking. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, on-line, v. 15, n. 2, p. 90-91, fev. 2020. DOI: https://doi-org.ez10.periodicos.capes.gov.br/10.1093/jiplp/jpz180.
LEMOS, A. Dataficação da vida. Civitas – Revista De Ciências Sociais, on-line, v. 21, n. 2, p. 193-202, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-7289.2021.2.39638.
MEESE, J.; HURCOMBE, E. Facebook, News Media and Platform Dependency: the Institutional Impacts of News Distribution on Social Platforms. New Media & Society, on-line, v. 23, 2020. DOI: 10.1177/1461444820926472.
MIAH, A. Como a nova lei de pagamento por conteúdo no Canadá pode mudar futuro do jornalismo. UOL/Media Talks, on-line, 18 ago. 2023. Disponível: <https://mediatalks.uol.com.br/2023/08/12/entenda-como-nova-lei-de-midia-do-canada-pode-mudar-futuro-do-jornalismo/>. Acesso em: 2 set. 2023.
MINTZ, A. G. Midiatização e plataformização: aproximações. Revista Novos Olhares, on-line, v. 8, n. 2, 2019.
MORAES DE LIMA, M. F. U.; VALENTE, J. C. L. Regulação de plataformas digitais: mapeando o debate internacional. Liinc em Revista, [S. l.], v. 16, n. 1, p. e5100, 2020. DOI: 10.18617/liinc.v16i1.5100. Disponível em: <https://revista.ibict.br/liinc/article/view/5100>. Acesso em: 11 fev. 2024.
NETLAB – Laboratório de Estudos de Internet e Mídias Sociais. A Guerra das Plataformas Contra o PL 2630. Rio de Janeiro: ECO; UFRJ, 2023. Disponível em: <https://uploads.strikinglycdn.com/files/2cab203d-e44d-423e-b4e9-2a13cf44432e/A%20guerra%20das%20plataformas%20contra%20o%20PL%202630%20-%20NetLab%20UFRJ,%20Abril%202023.pdf?t=1682972134?id=4012040>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
PALAU-SAMPIO, D.; LÓPEZ-GARCÍA, G. Communication and Crisis in the Public Space: Dissolution and Uncertainty. Profesional de la Información, on-line, v. 31, n. 3, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.may.16.
PETRICCA, P. Commercial Content Moderation: an Opaque Maze for Freedom of Expression and Customers’ Opinions. Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 3, p. 307-326, 2020. Disponível: <https://www.rifp.it/ojs/index.php/rifp/article/view/rifp.2020.0021/1085>. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4453/rifp.2020.0021.
POELL, T.; NIEBORG, D.; VAN DIJCK, J. Platformisation. Internet Policy Review, on-line, v. 8, n. 4, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1425.
POPIEL, P. Regulating Datification and Platformization: Policy Silos and Tradoffs in International Platform Inquires. Policy and Internet, on-line, v. 14, n. 1, p. 28-46, 2022.
REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM. Digital News Report 2022. Disponível em: <https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2022>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM. Digital News Report 2023. Disponível em: <https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2023>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
SEGUINDO A AUSTRÁLIA, Itália regulamenta pagamento de conteúdo por Big Techs a empresas jornalísticas. UOL/Media Talks, on-line, 14 fev. 2023. Disponível em: <https://mediatalks.uol.com.br/2023/02/14/italia-cria-regulamentacao-para-pagamento-de-conteudo-jornalistico-por-midias-digitais/>. Acesso em: 2 set. 2023.
TAMBINI, D.; LABO, S. Digital Intermediaries in the UK: Implications for News Plurality. Info, on-line, v. 18, n. 4, p. 33-58, 2016.
TAMBINI, D.; LEONARDI, D.; MARSDEN, C. The Privatisation of Censorship: Self-Regulation and Freedom of Expression. In: TAMBINI, D.; LEONARDI, D.; MARSDEN, C. Codifying Cyberspace: Communications Self-Regulation in the Age of Internet Convergence. Abingdon, UK: Routledge; UCL Press, 2008. p. 269-289.
TOMAZ, T. Brazilian Fake News Bill: Strong Content Moderation Accountability but Limited Hold on Platform Market Power. Javnost – The Public, on-line, v. 30, n. 2, p. 253-267, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/13183222.2023.2201801.
TWOREK, H. Fighting Hate with Speech Law: Media and German Visions of Democracy. The Journal of Holocaust Research, on-line, v. 35, n. 2, p. 106-122, 2021. DOI: 10.1080/25785648.2021.1899510.
UNIÃO EUROPEIA. Lei de Serviços Digitais – Digital Services Act (DAS), 2022. Disponível em: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj>. Acesso em: 16 set. 2023.
UNZELTE, C. Combinadas, as “Sete Magníficas” formariam a 2ª maior bolsa de valores de mundo. Exame, Invest, on-line, 20 fev. 2024. Disponível em: <https://exame.com/invest/mercados/combinadas-as-sete-magnificas-formariam-a-2a-maior-bolsa-de-valores-de-mundo/>. Acesso em: 12 jul. 2024.
VALENTE, J. C. L. Regulando desinformação e fake news: um panorama internacional das respostas ao problema. Comunicação Pública, on-line, Open Edition Journal, v. 14, n. 27, 2019.
VAN DIJCK, J.; POELL, T. Understanding Social Media Logic. Media and Communication, on-line, v. 1, n.1, p. 2-14, 2013. DOI: 10.12924/mac2013.01010002.
VAN DIJCK, J.; POELL, T.; WALL, M. The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World. New York: Oxford Univertity Press, 2018.
WABILIO, L. C.; AMORIM, H.; GROHMANN, R. Uberização e plataformização do trabalho no Brasil: conceitos, processos e formas. Sociologias, on-line, v. 23, p. 26-56, 2021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Edson Fernando D’Almonte, Alanna Oliveira Santos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The submission of originals to this journal implies the transfer, by the authors, of the printed and digital publication rights. The copyrights for the published articles belong to the author, with the rights of the journal over the first publication. The authors can only use the same results in other publications, clearly indicating this journal as the source of the original publication. Because we are an open-access journal, the free-of-charge,educational, scientific, and non-commercial use of the papers is allowed, as long as the source is cited.
Authorship
Any person who has effectively participated in the conception of the study, the development of the experimental part, the analysis and interpretation of data and the final wording, is considered as an author. By submitting an article for publication in E-Compós Journal, the author agrees with the following terms: 1. The author keeps the rights on the article, but its publication in the journal automatically implies the full and exclusive disposal of the copyright rights for the first edition, without payment. 2. The ideas and opinions expressed in the article are the sole responsibility of the author, not necessarily reflecting the views of the journal. 3. After the first publication, the author is authorized to take additional contracts, independent of the journal, for the dissemination of the paper by other means (e.g. when publishing in the institutional repository or as a book chapter), provided that the complete citation of the original publication. 4. The author of a published article is allowed and is stimulated to distribute his work online, always with the proper citation of the first edition.
Conflicts of interest and research ethics
If the developed research or the publication of the article may raise doubts as to potential conflicts of interest, the author should declare, in a final note, that no links to funding bodies have been omitted, as well as to commercial or political institutions. Similarly, the institution to which the author is bound should be mentioned, as well as others that may have collaborated in the execution of the study, evidencing that there are no conflicts of interest with the result already presented. It is also necessary to inform that the interviews and experiences involving human beings have obeyed the established ethical procedures for scientific research. The names and addresses informed in this journal will be used exclusively for the services provided by this publication, not made available for other purposes or to third parties. The copyrights belong exclusively to the authors. The licensing rights used by the journal consist in the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license: sharing (copying and distribution of the material in any media or format) and adaptation (remix, transformation and creation of material from licensed content for any purposes, including commercial) are permitted.